ML Notes & Experiments

Writing about deep learning from first principles — with working code and live demos, not just equations.

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The Byte Latent Transformer: Inside Meta's Vocabulary-Free LLM
How Meta's BLT matches tokenized LLMs at 8B/4T bytes using entropy-based dynamic patching — no vocabulary, no merge rules, and 8–15% better robustness on noisy text.
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How Google Fixed Arithmetic: Inside Gemini's 256K Unigram Tokenizer
256K vocabulary, Unigram LM, split-digit tokenization, byte fallback — the four engineering decisions in Gemini's tokenizer and why each one exists to fix a specific failure mode in BPE.
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Tokenizers, Explained Visually
Animations and interactive demos: watch BPE merge tokens live, see the token tax across six languages, understand entropy-based dynamic patching, and see why arithmetic fails.
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The State of Tokenizers in 2026 — From BPE to Byte Latent Transformers
Every major lab doubled their vocabulary this year. Here's why, what each lab changed, where the token tax still bites, and why Meta's byte-level model may signal the end of subword tokenization.
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Building a Multilingual BPE Tokenizer That Treats Four Scripts Fairly
One 10 000-token vocabulary for English, Hindi, Telugu, and Bengali — with a fertility spread of 0.034 and a score of 28 280. Five design choices that made the difference.
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Seeing Why Neural Networks Work — Four Live Proofs
Activations, depth, embeddings, and generalization — proved with live in-browser experiments. Watch a model learn to separate rings, watch embeddings cluster by meaning, watch memorization close as data grows.
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